![]() ![]() Their loyalty in question, Japanese forces suspected and feared that locals would disclose military and other sensitive information to conquering American forces. Contemporary readings of these horrendous events emphasize their racist undertones, as most Japanese imperial army soldiers did not see Okinawans as equal Japanese citizens. Civilians were encouraged to jump into the sea from towering cliffs, to detonate hand-grenades in huddles of people, or to explode blasts in crowded caves. In response, Japanese military personnel forced Okinawans to commit suicide en masse, or led them to kill each other by frightening them with warnings of the unspeakable atrocities US forces would commit against them and urging them to avoid the shame of defeat. As the Battle of Okinawa raged, it gradually became clear that the tide of war was tipping in the Americans’ favor. At the end of the Second World War, Okinawa was the site of fierce battles between Japanese and US forces, all occurring in the midst of a civilian population. Originally known as the independent Ryukyu kingdom, Okinawa and its archipelago were gradually annexed by Japan in the 18 th and 19 th centuries and formally became part of Japanese territory under the rule of the Meiji Emperor. When Yamashiro was born, Okinawa was only recently (1972) returned to Japanese rule after 27 years under US occupation. ![]() Yamashiro Chikako (山城知佳子) was born in 1976 in Naha, Okinawa, and graduated with a degree in painting from the Okinawa Prefecture University of the Arts in 1999. Figure 5: Yamashiro Chikako, Chorus of Melodies, 2010, Color Photograph, Courtesy Yumiko Chiba Associates, Tokyo. Follow LiveScience for the latest in science news and discoveries on Twitter and on Facebook. You can follow LiveScience staff writer Jennifer Welsh on Twitter microbelover. ![]() The study was published June 1 in the journal PLoS ONE. This effect could also be why zebras have high-contrast striping, which hinder their predators' ability to track them and make it harder to tell an individual apart from the herd. " These situations are less common these days, but possibly when you have firefight, direct visual contact, that's when it would be useful," Scott-Samuel said. They tended to judge the zigzag and checked patterns as moving about 7 percent slower than the other patterns (such as horizontal or vertical stripes), but only when the shapes were moving at high speed (the equivalent of 8 miles per hour, or 13 kilometers per hour, from an observer 33 feet, or 10 meters, away).Įxtrapolating what they found in the lab, the researchers said this would cause about a 3-foot (1 meter) aiming error of a rocket-propelled grenade launched at a fast-moving object, like a Land Rover driving 55 miles per hour (90 kph) from 230 feet (70 m) away, enough to save the lives of anyone riding in it. They did this for a series of image pairs. To determine if this was true, Scott-Samuel and his colleagues had participants indicate which of two shapes with different patterns was moving faster. (Image credit: PLoS ONE, Nicholas Scott-Samuel ) ![]() Patterns tested in the lab, the zigzag and checked patterns look like they are moving slower than the others. ![]()
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